To start off, the formal definition of a
soap is a water-insoluble
fatty acid mixed with an organic base or an
alkali metal, which produces a carboxylic acid salt, and in-turn increasing the solubility in water. Although they technically are chemically modified, they are usually not considered synthetic. Soaps have been dated back to at least 2300 years, possibly originating from the
Celts, and their original procedure for creating these soaps was to boil animal fat in water with some form of ash, usually from wood. This saponifies the fat to the free fatty acids. The chemical in the ash that is actively turning this fat into soap is
potassium carbonate (K
2CO
3), which first deprotonates the fatty acid producing a bi-product of HCO
3, while the potassium acts as a counter ion, producing the salt.
This carboxylic acid salt can interact with water now since it's head is more charged, rather than an uncharged fatty acid. The way this soap now works is that the long carbon chain interacts with oil (from skin, hair or any other source on your body), while the charged end interacts with water allowing the oils to be washed away with an excess of water.
References:
Myers, D.
Surfactant Science and Technology, 3rd ed. Wiley-Interscience: New Jersey, 2006.
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